Ameliorating drought stress in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) using biostimulants

In India, abiotic stress, particularly drought, is known to affect sugarcane cultivation. Among various management strategies, application of biostimulants, especially those from seaweeds, offer promising results in containing yield loss due to drought stress. Here, we tested the efficacy of Sea6 liquid biostimulant formulation LBS6 in field condition along with conventional management practices for comparison purpose using two popular commercial varieties of sugarcane (Co 86032 and Co 0212). Drought stress imposed during formative phase of the crop and foliar application of sea6 liquid formulation was applied at 60, 90 and 120 days after planting (DAP). The effect of liquid formulation on mitigating drought stress was assessed by studying the growth, physiological, yield and yield traits at important pheno-phases of the crop. Results showed that, in Co 86032 shoot population of control was 100.5×103 ha-1 and drought was 85.1×103 ha-1 with mean reduction of 15.5% over control. Drought stress induced 11.4, 12.4, 9.8 and 5.0% reduction in plant height, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content (SPAD value) and photochemical efficiency, respectively. In Co 0212, drought induced 10.15, 9.4, 10.5, 9.5 and 5.1% reduction in shoot population, plant height, LAI, SPAD value and photochemical efficiency, respectively. Under drought condition, in Co 86032, foliar application of KCl (2.5%) and seaweed extract LBS6(2 mL L-1) was observed comparatively higher cane yield of 92.9 t ha-1 and 89.5 t ha-1, with 18 and 16.5% yield improvement over untreated drought plot, respectively. In Co 0212, foliar application of KCl (2.5%) and seaweed extract LBS6 (2 mL L-1) recorded 99 and 93.5 t ha-1 with 18.5% and 15.2% yield improvement over untreated drought plot, respectively. Among the two varieties, Co 0212 performed better under drought situation with KCl (2.5%) spray demonstrating better physiological efficiency under stress, closely followed by of sea6 formulation LBS6 (2 mL L-1). Further, the drought management practices did not affect the juice quality parameters in both the tested varieties.

Accumulation of nutrient contents and biochemical changes in shallot, Allium ascalonicum grown in soil amended with CuO nanoparticle

Aim: The aim of the current study was to investigate plants growth, physiological, biochemical and nutrients changes in shallot grown in soil loaded with CuO nanoparticle (CuONPs).Methodology: The shallot seedlings were treated with increasing doses (25, 50, 100, 200 mg kg-1) of CuONPs; the rate of seedling growth, plant biomass, photosynthetic pigment content level, antioxidant enzyme activities and nutrient elements were estimated and compared with the control. Results: CuONPs treated plants exhibited increased shoot and root growth (123.31% and 184.47%) and biomass compared to the control. Also, the level of photosynthetic pigments namely, chlorophyll a (277.24%), chlorophyll b (301.42%) and carotenoids (104.81%) increased in the CuONPs exposed plants. The activity of antioxidative enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD, 382.77-330.29%), peroxidase (POX, 197.51-166.86%) and catalase (CAT, 234-317.35%) were found to be significantly high in 100 mg NPs treated plants compared to others. Hence, the nutrient elements in 100mg NPs treated plants were estimated and found to be higher than control. Interpretation: Results indicate that the engineered phycomolecule loaded CuONPs may possibly be used as nanofertilizer to increase crop productivity and it can be used for enhancing growth of agricultural crops in the future

Sterols compositions, antibacterial, and antifouling properties from two Malaysian seaweeds: Dictyota dichotoma and Sargassum granuliferum

Seaweeds or macroalgae are the primary producers of an oceanic food source, widely distributed across the globe andknown for their excellent defensive properties against numerous biotic and abiotic factors. These defensive traits comefrom their secondary metabolites that act as protective barriers against pathogens and harmful organisms where amongthese compounds some have been found possessing the antifouling characteristic. In this study, Dictyota dichotomaand Sargassum granuliferum collected from Pulau Nunuyan Laut, Sabah, Malaysia, were studied to determine its sterolcomposition, and isolation was carried out to isolate their pure sterol compounds. Two assays consist of disk diffusionmethod for antibacterial activity and crystal violet assay were carried out to study its antifouling activity. Campesterol,stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol were the dominant sterol compound detected in both samples and six pure sterols wereisolated (compounds 1–6). Results from the antibacterial and antifouling analysis showed better inhibition for Gramnegative compared to Gram-positive bacteria. Fucosterol (4) and epicoprostanol (5) gave the best antibacterial activitywith two bacteria inhibited compared to other compound. Meanwhile, coprostanol (1), campesterol (2), stigmasterol(3), epicoprostanol (5), and 5β-cholestan-3-one (6) showed strong antifouling activity towards the selected bacterialstrains with IC50 values ranges from 266.3 to 425.8 µg/ml.

Proximate composition of several macroalgae from the coast of Salinas Bay, Ecuador / Composición proximal de varias macroalgas de la costa de Bahía Salinas, Ecuador

Abstract Seaweeds are accessible and important marine organisms found in coastal zones, which have shown their nutritive potential as food or additive. These organisms are relatively abundant in the coastline of Ecuador, but their biochemical composition has not been adequately studied. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the proximate composition of seven seaweeds (four red, two brown, and one green) collected from Salinas Bay, Ecuador, as a contribution to the knowledge of the nutritional potential of these organisms that belong to this region. Moisture, ash, fat, fiber and protein contents were determined by standard protocols, while carbohydrates were obtained by difference. Energetic content (or caloric profile) was calculated according to the contributions of macromolecules (fats, proteins and carbohydrates). The parameters in highest proportion found in all species were carbohydrates (32.2-45.5 %) and minerals (or ash, 25.8-36.7 %), which play a significant role in human nutrition and the food industry. Furthermore, protein, fiber, and fat contents were relatively low, with values around 4.7-8.0 %, 0.9-5.0 %, and 0.3-3.0 %, respectively, indicating these organisms are a good option as healthy food. According to statistical analysis (ANOVA), each nutritive parameter was significantly different among the species (P < 0.05). Results indicate edible seaweeds from Ecuador have potential as nutritious food that could offer between 1 500-2 000 kcal kg-1, which is higher than many common vegetables.(AU)

Resumen Las macroalgas marinas son organismos accesibles e importantes de las zonas costeras, los cuales han mostrado su potencial como alimentos o aditivos nutritivos. En la línea costera de Ecuador estos organismos son relativamente abundantes, pero su composición bioquímica no ha sido estudiada adecuadamente. En consecuencia, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la composición proximal de siete especies de macroalgas (cuatro rojas, dos pardas y una verde) que fueron recolectadas en la Bahía de Salinas, Ecuador, como una contribución al conocimiento del potencial nutricional de estos organismos pertenecientes a esta región. Los contenidos de humedad, cenizas, grasa, fibra y proteínas fueron determinadas mediante protocolos estándares, mientras que el contenido de carbohidrato fue obtenido por diferencia. El contenido energético (o perfil calórico) de las macroalgas fue calculado de acuerdo con las contribuciones de las macromoléculas (grasas, proteínas y carbohidratos). Los parámetros encontrados en mayor proporción en todas las especies fueron: carbohidratos (32.2-45.5 %) y minerales (o cenizas, 25.8-36.7 %), los cuales tienen importancia en la nutrición humana y la industria alimentaria. Además, los contenidos de proteína, fibra y grasa fueron relativamente bajos, encontrando valores alrededor de 4.7-8.0, 0.9-5.0, y 0.3-3.0 %, respectivamente, indicando que estos organismos son una buena y saludable opción como alimento. De acuerdo con el análisis estadístico (ANOVA), cada parámetro nutritivo fue significativamente diferente entre especies (P < 0.05). Los resultados indican que las algas comestibles de Ecuador tienen potencial como alimento nutritivo que pueden ofrecer entre 1 500-2 000 kcal kg-1, un aporte energético un poco mayor que muchos vegetales comunes.(AU)

Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of red seaweed Laurencia dendroidea

Objective: To investigate antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of the extract and fractions from Vietnamese red seaweed Laurencia dendroidea. Methods: The seaweed Laurencia dendroidea was extracted by using microwave-assisted extraction method in 80％ methanol. The seaweed extract was then fractionated using different solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water). These obtained fractions were evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Antioxidant activities were tested using DPPH, nitric oxide radical scavenging and metal chelating assays. The enzyme inhibition mode was determined using Lineweaver-Burk plot. For acidic and thermal stabilities, the ethyl acetate fraction was treated at pH 2.0 and 100 ℃, respectively. The residual inhibitory activity of the fraction was calculated based on the initial inhibitory activity. For in vivo antidiabetic activity, mice were divided into four groups, including normal control, diabetic control, diabetic mice treated with ethyl acetate fraction and diabetic mice treated with gliclazide. Blood glucose level of treated mice during acute and prolonged treatments was measured. To evaluate the toxicity of the ethyl acetate fraction, the body weight changes and activities of liver function enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and gammaglutamyl transferase) were carried out. Results: The extract of Laurencia dendroidea showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Methanolic concentrations affected both α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. A 80％ aqueous methanol was the suitable solvent for extraction of enzyme inhibitors and antioxidants. Among solvent fractions, ethyl acetate fraction had the highest inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase with a mixed type of inhibition and the strongest antioxidant activities, and was stable under acidic and thermal conditions. The ethyl acetate fraction treated diabetic mice significantly reduced blood glucose level compared with the diabetic control group (13.16 mmol/L vs. 22.75 mmol/L after 3 hours of treatment). Oral administration of ethyl acetate fraction did not exhibit toxicity at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight as determined by body weight changes and liver biochemical parameters. Conclusions: Laurencia dendroidea could be a potential source for production of antidiabetic and antioxidative agents.

Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of red seaweed Laurencia dendroidea

Objective: To investigate antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of the extract and fractions from Vietnamese red seaweed Laurencia dendroidea. Methods: The seaweed Laurencia dendroidea was extracted by using microwave-assisted extraction method in 80% methanol. The seaweed extract was then fractionated using different solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water). These obtained fractions were evaluated for α -glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Antioxidant activities were tested using DPPH, nitric oxide radical scavenging and metal chelating assays. The enzyme inhibition mode was determined using Lineweaver-Burk plot. For acidic and thermal stabilities, the ethyl acetate fraction was treated at pH 2.0 and 100 °C, respectively. The residual inhibitory activity of the fraction was calculated based on the initial inhibitory activity. For in vivo antidiabetic activity, mice were divided into four groups, including normal control, diabetic control, diabetic mice treated with ethyl acetate fraction and diabetic mice treated with gliclazide. Blood glucose level of treated mice during acute and prolonged treatments was measured. To evaluate the toxicity of the ethyl acetate fraction, the body weight changes and activities of liver function enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transferase) were carried out. Results: The extract of Laurencia dendroidea showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Methanolic concentrations affected both α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. A 80% aqueous methanol was the suitable solvent for extraction of enzyme inhibitors and antioxidants. Among solvent fractions, ethyl acetate fraction had the highest inhibitory activities against α -glucosidase with a mixed type of inhibition and the strongest antioxidant activities, and was stable under acidic and thermal conditions. The ethyl acetate fraction treated diabetic mice significantly reduced blood glucose level compared with the diabetic control group (13.16 mmol/L vs. 22.75 mmol/L after 3 hours of treatment). Oral administration of ethyl acetate fraction did not exhibit toxicity at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight as determined by body weight changes and liver biochemical parameters. Conclusions: Laurencia dendroidea could be a potential source for production of antidiabetic and antioxidative agents.

Native species exploited by marine aquarium trade in Brazil / Espécies nativas explotadas pela aquariofilia marinha no Brasil

Abstract: Brazil has an important role in marine ornamental trade, exploiting native species for both international and domestic market. A few works have previously assessed wild species exploited by the Brazilian marine aquarium industry and most of them focused solely on fish. Hence, the present paper intends to address an information gap regarding the species currently traded in the country, as well as concerning their conservation statuses. Thus, different sources of information were investigated and each species was categorized in accordance with existing lists of threatened species. A wide variety of native species was identified in Brazilian marine aquarium trade, including not only fish but also invertebrates, seaweeds and macrophytes. Some of these species were legally protected, but are still commerced anyway. Such illegal exploitation of native species causes increasing concerns about the sustainability of the activity. Therefore, in order to reduce environmental impacts caused by marine ornamental trade, Brazilian authorities should encourage the implementation of eco-fees, the purchase of eco-labeled aquarium products, the development of sustainable ornamental aquaculture and ecosystem-based management initiatives.

Resumo: O Brasil possui um papel importante no comércio de ornamentais marinhos, utilizando espécies tanto para exportação como para o mercado interno. Poucos trabalhos anteriores descreveram as espécies nativas utilizadas pela indústria brasileira de aquarismo marinho, e a maioria deles era focada exclusivamente no uso de peixes. Assim, o presente trabalho almeja preencher a falta de informação em relação às espécies atualmente exploradas no país, bem como relativas às suas categorias de conservação. Dessa forma, diferentes fontes de informação foram investigadas e cada espécie foi categorizada de acordo com as listas de espécies ameaçadas existentes. Uma grande variedade de espécies foi identificada no comércio do aquarismo marinho brasileiro, o que inclui não somente peixes, mas também invertebrados, macroalgas e macrófitas. Algumas dessas espécies não poderiam ser exploradas, mas mesmo assim seguem sendo comercializadas. Essa utilização ilegal de espécies nativas provoca preocupações frequentes acerca da sustentabilidade dessa atividade. Desse modo, para reduzir os impactos ambientais causados pelo aquarismo marinho, as autoridades brasileiras deveriam incentivar a implementação de taxas-ecológicas, a aquisição de produtos de aquário com selos ecológicos, o desenvolvimento sustentável da aquacultura ornamental e iniciativas de manejo baseadas no ecossistema.

Herbicides with natural and synthetic biostimulants in spring wheat / Aplicação de herbicidas com bioestimulantes natural e sintético no trigo primavera

ABSTRACT: Although the knowledge on agricultural using of biostimulants increases, there is still little information on their interactions with other chemicals i.e. herbicides. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of popular herbicides (MCPA + dicamba, dicamba + triasulfuron, florasulam+2,4-D) used with and without biostimulants based on seaweed extract (Kelpak) and nitrophenols (Asahi) on weed control efficiency, yield and quality of the crop. Field trial was carried out in the years 2014 and 2015 in the Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute in Poznan (Poland). The experiment was established on spring wheat cv.'Torridon', in 4 replications, using randomized block design. In the experiment two variants of application were tested. In the first variant preparations (herbicide and biostimulant) were applied as tank mixtures at the crop growth stage BBCH 30 and in the second variant in some combinations herbicide application was followed by biostimulant used alone. Weather conditions had a profound impact on tested preparations activity. Addition of biostimulants to herbicide had not affected weed control efficacy but application of herbicide and biostimulant mixture revealed its influence on yield parameters of wheat. Biostimulants influenced yield quality parameters e.g. by enhancing gluten amount in grains.

RESUMO: Embora o conhecimento sobre o uso agrícola de bioestimulantes aumente, ainda há pouca informação sobre suas interações com outros produtos químicos, como por exemplo, herbicidas. O objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em avaliar o efeito dos herbicidas MCPA + dicamba, dicamba + triasulfuron + e florasulam + 2,4-D, usados com bioestimulantes a base de extratos de algas marinhas (Klepak) e nitrofenóis (Asahi) sobre a eficiência do controle de plantas daninhas e o rendimento da produção das plantas cultivadas. Os estudos de campo foram realizados nos anos de 2014 e 2015 pelo Instituto de Proteção de Plantas - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas em Poznań (Polônia). O experimento foi realizado na cultura do trigo, cultivar 'Torridon' com quatro repetições. Foram estudadas diferentes opções de mistura de herbicidas versus bioestimulantes que foram aplicados em mistura de tanque ou o bioestimulante foi aplicado três dias após a aplicação do herbicida. As condições climáticas afetaram o desempenho das misturas utilizadas. A adição de bioestimulante ao herbicida não modificou a eficiência do controle de plantas daninhas, mas revelou grande influência nos parâmetros de produtividade do trigo. O uso de bioestimulantes provocou a melhora da qualidade dos grãos, aumentando o teor de glúten.

Antischistosomal activity from Brazilian marine algae

Abstract Schistosomiasis may be caused by six different species of the genus Schistosoma. Current treatment is based only on two drugs: oxamniquine, which is only effective against the Schistosoma mansoni species, and praziquantel, which is ineffective against young parasites. Therefore, research on new drugs and their targets for the treatment of this disease is urgently needed. In the present work, the efficacies of several seaweeds extracts against S. mansoni were tested. Worm couples were incubated with different concentration of seaweed extracts for 120 h and monitored after the first 2 h and then every 24 h to evaluate death, mobility reduction and couple detachment. The extracts of 13 different seaweed species were tested in a first trial and the active extracts were further evaluated in lower concentrations. The extracts of Gracilaria ornata and species belonging to the genera Dictyota and Laurencia showed activity at relatively low concentrations. The active extracts were analyzed by LC–MS, and possible candidates are proposed.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Selected Seaweeds from Kodinar, Southern Coast of Saurashtra, Gujarat, India.

The antimicrobial and antioxidant activity was evaluated for the marine seaweeds viz., Enteromorpha sp. Cystoseria indica, Sargassum swartzii, Gracilaria corticata, Caulerpa taxifolia and Caulerpa racemosa from Kodinar coast, Gujarat. Different solvents viz., methanol, ethanol, chloroform and diethyl ether were used for seaweed extraction to envisage the antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria viz., Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and total antioxidant capacity were determined in ethanol extracted seaweeds. The maximum antibacterial activity was observed in the ethanol extract of all the seaweeds except C. racemosa. Among the seaweeds, the total antioxidant potential was found to be maximum in the ethanol extract of S. swartzii - 19.84±0.14 (19.8 mg of Ascorbic acid/g of seaweed extract) and the greatest H2O2 scavenging activity was shown by the ethanol extract of S. swartzii (81.63±0.39 % inhibition) compared to the control (ascorbic acid) 95.24±0.22. Hence, from the present study it is evident that the seaweeds collected from Kodinar coast harbors excellent inhibitory activity against various human pathogens and has significant antioxidant potential as well. In particular, the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of S. swartzii was found to be excellent and can be pointed out as the best candidate among the other seaweeds tested.

Epiphytic marine pigmented bacteria: A prospective source of natural antioxidants

Awareness on antioxidants and its significance in human healthcare has increased many folds in recent time. Increased demand requisite on welcoming newer and alternative resources for natural antioxidants. Seaweed associated pigmented bacteria screened for its antioxidant potentials reveals 55.5% of the organisms were able to synthesize antioxidant compounds. DPPH assay showed 20% of the organisms to reach a antioxidant zone of 1 cm and 8.3% of the strains more than 3 cm. Pseudomonas koreensis (JX915782) a Sargassum associated yellowish brown pigmented bacteria have better activity than known commercial antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) against DPPH scavenging. Serratia rubidaea (JX915783), an associate of Ulva sp. and Pseudomonas argentinensis (JX915781) an epiphyte of Chaetomorpha media, were also contributed significantly towards ABTS (7.2% ± 0.03 to 15.2 ± 0.09%; 1.8% ± 0.01 to 15.7 ± 0.22%) and FRAP (1.81 ± 0.01 to 9.35 ± 0.98; 7.97 ± 0.12 to 18.70 ± 1.84 μg/mL of AsA Eq.) respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed bacteria that have higher antioxidant activity belongs to a bacterial class Gammaproteobacteria. Statistical analysis of phenolic contents in relation with other parameters like DPPH, ABTS, reducing power and FRAP are well correlated (p < 0.05). Results obtained from the current study inferred that the seaweed associated pigmented bacteria have enormous potential on antioxidant compounds and need to be extracted in a larger way for clinical applications.

Streptomycetes from Marine Seaweeds: Their Antimicrobial and Antibiotic Potential.

Recent research has increased our knowledge and understanding of the antimicrobial effect of marine Streptomyces. In a systematic screening effect, Streptomyces isolates from different marine seaweeds were investigated for antimicrobial activity against Vibrio pathogens (V. harveyji, V. parahemolyticus, V. vulnificus and V. algniolyticus) and potentially active secondary metabolites. The different solvent extracts (Butanol, Ethyl acetate, Methanol, hexane) of selected isolates were screened for their antivibrio activity by disc method. The Zone of inhibition was measured in all extracts revealed a wide range of antimicrobial activity against pathogenic vibrios. The overall results of the antimicrobial activity indicates the abundance of purine riboside antibiotic in streptomycetes from marine seaweeds evidenced by the presence of precursor molecules such as guanosine, xanthosine in the extractions of Streptomyces which can be exploited for the production of purine riboside antibiotics which are in use of pharmaceutical industry.

Monitoring Spatial and Temporal Seaweeds Variation Using Remote Sensing Data in Al-Shoaiba Coast, Red Sea.

Aims: Spatial variability and temporal dynamics of benthic seaweeds using the field investigation and Landsat Thematic Mapper images Place and Duration of Study: Al-Shoaiba area, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea was investigated and the study area was divided into four sites extending about 10 km. The study period extended seasonally from summer 2011 to spring 2012. Methodology: The assessment of seaweeds abundance and distribution were performed using quadrate method. Methodology includes analyses of the Enhanced Landsat Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images. Results: A total of 46 seaweed taxa were collected from Al-Shoaiba region belonging to three different algal phyla to extend on reef flat to hundreds of yards to open sea. The field observations showed the broad macroalgal groups as optically mixture. The main confusion was distinguished between macroalgal groups. The contribution of seaweeds varied significantly not only between seasons, but also between sites. The physical parameters showed a close relationship between air and sea water temperatures. Generally, the weather tends to be warm at the selected sites. The pH values were slightly alkaline. Water salinity was relatively high especially in summer and autumn. Diverse of macroalgal communities was shown pronounced seasonal changes. Image classifications of remote sensing data showed large visual appearance of algal vegetation in summer and autumn on the reef flat than in winter and spring. High temperature and evaporation during summer and autumn may causes decline in sea water level. In contrary, low temperature leads to increasing the sea water level to cover most of the reef flat in winter and spring. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the significant impact of seasonal variations, especially temperature, on the spatial and temporal distribution of seaweeds in Al- Shoaiba coast, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea.

Antimicrobial Activity of Bacteria Associated with Seaweeds against Plant Pathogens on Par with Bacteria Found in Seawater and Sediments.

Aim: We report antimicrobial activities of bacteria associated with 10 native and one invasive species of seaweeds on par with bacteria found in the seawater and sediment. Bacteria exhibiting antimicrobial activity were phylogenetically analysed using 16S rRNA gene. Place and Duration of Study: Samples of seaweeds, seawater and sediments collected at 6 localities of south east coast of India between December 2009 and January 2010 during monsoon season. Methodology: Culturable bacteria in seaweeds (epibiotics and endobiotics), seawater and sediments were isolated through serial dilutions using 1.5% ZoBell marine agar (HiMedia, India). Bacterial isolates producing antibiotics were identified by screening against commercial antibiotics and they were subjected to morphological, Gram’s staining and biochemical studies. Chemical property and stability of antimicrobial substances obtained from the promising bacteria active against plant pathogens were studied. Phylogenetic analysis of antibiotics-producing marine bacteria was made using 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique. Results: A number of673 isolates obtained through the isolation process were found to be the member of 27 bacterial genera, with species of Bacillus recording a maximum of 40.2%. Generally species of bacterial isolates in the association (seaweeds: epibiotics, 39.54% and endobiotics, 40.74%, seawater 8.61% and sediments 11.11%) produced antibiotics and active against plant pathogens (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, X. oryzaepv. oryzae and Ustilaginoidea virens) were associated with seaweeds (epibiotics 33.46% and endobiotics 43.11%) and sediments (23.43%). Extracellular components of active bacteria are proteins and retaining bioactivity at pH 7.0, up to 40°C and antifungal property up to 60°C. Extracts obtained from the active bacteria are nonpolar lipophilic substances exhibited only antifungal activity. Conclusion: Bacterial population were considerably higher in seaweeds as compared to seawater and sediments, and at the same time higher bacterial population was recorded in Gulf samples than the open coast samples. Most of the bacterial isolates associated with seaweeds were found to produce antibiotics.

Actividad antiviral in vitro de un extracto acuoso del alga roja Tricleocarpa fragilis frente a virus influenza A / In vitro antiviral activity of aqueous extract from red seaweed Tricleocarpa fragilis to Influenza A virus

INTRODUCCIÓN: los virus influenza constituyen importantes patógenos de humanos que anualmente causan alrededor de 500 000 muertes a nivel mundial. La emergencia de variantes virales resistentes a los fármacos antiinfluenza disponibles, motiva la búsqueda de nuevos antivirales. Los extractos obtenidos a partir de algas pueden ser empleados con esta finalidad, teniendo en cuenta la diversidad de metabolitos secundarios descritos en estos organismos. OBJETIVO: evaluar la actividad antiviral in vitro de un extracto acuoso del alga roja Tricleocarpa fragilis frente a virus influenza A(H1N1) y A(H3N2) MÉTODOS: se determinó el valor de concentración citotóxica media (CC50) empleando el ensayo de reducción de MTT en células MDCK . El cálculo de la concentración inhibitoria media (CI50) se realizó mediante un ensayo de hemaglutinación y de inhibición del efecto citopático (ECP) en células MDCK. El índice selectivo (IS) se calculó a partir de la relación IS= CC 50/CI50. RESULTADOS: el extracto acuoso de T. fragilis no resultó tóxico en las células MDCK, en el rango de concentraciones evaluadas. El alga inhibió la replicación in vitro de virus influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2) con valores de IS> 11,4 y 106, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: el extracto acuoso de T. fragilis posee actividad antiviral frente a virus influenza A y puede ser empleado en el desarrollo de fármacos antiinfluenza novedosos. Este trabajo constituye el primer informe sobre la actividad antiviral de esta especie de alga(AU)

INTRODUCTION: influenza viruses are major human pathogens that cause over 500 000 deaths every year. The emergence of viral variants resistant to approved antiviral drugs has prompted the search for new anti-influenza compounds. Alga could be used as a source for the development of new anti-influenza drugs, taking into account the diversity of secondary metabolites previously described in these organisms. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the in vitro antiviral activity of aqueous extract of the red seaweed Tricleocarpa fragilisagainst influenza A virus. METHODS: the mean citotoxicity (CC50) concentration of the extract was determined by using the MTT reduction assay in MDCK cells. The mean inhibitory concentration (CI50) was estimated by means of viral protein (hemagglutinin) test and a cytopathic effect inhibition test in MDCK cells. The Selective index was calculated from (SI)= CC50/IC50. RESULTS: T. fragilis was not toxic at the concentrations evaluated in MDCK cells. The aqueous extract inhibited in vitro influenza A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) virus replication with SI values > 11.4 and 106; respectively. CONCLUSIONS: aqueous extract of T. fragilis showed in vitro anti-influenza activity and can be employed as a source for new antiviral drugs. This paper was the first report for the antiviral activity of T. fragilis(AU)

Benthic marine algae from the insular areas of Paraná, Brazil: new database to support the conservation of marine ecosystems / Algas marinhas bentônicas de áreas insulares do Paraná, sul do Brasil: checklist, novas ocorrências para o Estado e implicações para a conservação

This study describes the diversity of benthic marine algae from insular areas of the southern Brazilian coast. Algal samples were collected between 2006 and 2010 during the winter and the summer seasons at three sites in the coastal waters of Paraná, Brazil: Ilha do Mel, Currais Archipelago and Ilha do Farol. The samples were collected along parallel transects on the coast. In this survey, Paraná marine phycoflora comprised 139 taxa (90 Rhodophyta, 27 Chlorophyta and 22 Phaeophyceae). Fifty-two species represent new records for the state, and 14 taxa are present at all sampling sites and in both seasons. Higher diversities of rhodophytes and chlorophytes were observed at Ilha do Mel, while phaeophytes were more diverse at Currais Archipelago. Lower algal diversity was observed at Ilha do Farol, a sampling station which is near an urban area. Ceramiaceae, Rhodomelaceae and Corallinaceae were dominant among Rhodophyta, Cladophoraceae and Ulvaceae among Chlorophyta, and Dictyotaceae and Sargassaceae among Phaeophyceae. Seasonal and spatial differences in species composition could be explained by the availability of consolidated substrate, water transparency and proximity to an urban area. Seaweed biodiversity from the Paraná coast also presents low species richness compared to other Brazilian states as a result of the shorter coastline, lower availability of rocky shores, and the location between estuarine systems (Paranaguá and Guaratuba Bays). These bays input a large amount of continental water, resulting in decreased salinity, high concentrations of suspended particulate matter and low transparency in the water column. Knowledge of seaweed diversity is essential for conservation studies. In addition, environmental monitoring programs undertaken during medium- to long-term seasonal changes could be improved to reflect changes detected through new records, the introduction of alien species in the area of interest, or even dominance of opportunistic species over other taxa. Therefore, a database able to support the monitoring of biodiversity is a fundamental step in detecting environmental impacts that could change seaweed biogeography, mainly in urbanized and harbor areas.

O presente estudo descreve a diversidade de algas marinhas bentônicas em áreas insulares da costa do Paraná, sul do Brasil. As amostras de algas foram coletadas entre 2006 e 2010 durante o inverno e o verão, em três locais: Ilha do Mel, Arquipélago de Currais e Ilha do Farol. A amostragem foi realizada ao longo de transectos paralelos à linha de costa e, na Ilha dos Currais, em diferentes profundidades. A ficoflora marinha paranaense é composta por 139 táxons (90 Rhodophyta, 27 Chlorophyta e 22 Phaeophyceae). Cinquenta e duas espécies são novas citações para o Estado do Paraná, e 14 táxons foram registrados em todos os locais estudados durante o verão e o inverno. Diferenças sazonais e espaciais na composição específica podem ser explicadas pela disponibilidade de substratos rochosos, transparência da água e proximidade com a área urbana. A maior diversidade de rodófitas e clorófitas foi observada na Ilha do Mel e a de feofíceas no Arquipélago de Currais. A menor diversidade de algas foi observada na Ilha do Farol, ponto amostral mais próximo a uma área urbana. Ceramiaceae, Rhodomelaceae e Corallinaceae foram dominantes entre Rhodophyta, Cladophoraceae e Ulvaceae entre Chlorophyta, e Dictyotaceae e Sargassaceae entre Phaeophyceae. A diversidade de algas marinhas bentônicas na costa do Paraná é menor quando comparada a outros estados brasileiros e isto está associado à menor extensão de sua linha de costa, menor disponibilidade de substratos consolidados para recrutamento e localização entre dois sistemas estuarinos (baías de Paranaguá e de Guaratuba). Os estuários aumentam consideravelmente o aporte de água continental, diminuindo a salinidade, elevando as concentrações de material particulado em suspensão e reduzindo a transparência da água. O conhecimento da diversidade algácea é fundamental para estudos de conservação, sendo que câmbios sazonais em médio e longo prazo podem estar relacionados a alterações ambientais. O indicador destas mudanças pode ser a detecção de novas ocorrências, espécies novas ou ainda introdução de espécies exóticas na área em questão, ou mesmo pela dominância de táxons oportunistas. Portanto, uma base de dados que sustente um monitoramento da biodiversidade é relevante por detectar impactos que podem alterar padrões biogeográficos das comunidades de macroalgas, principalmente em regiões com influência de atividades antrópicas, como as zonas urbanas ou áreas portuárias.

In Vitro Study of Antimicrobial Activity in Marine Algae Caulerpa Taxifolia and Caulerpa Racemosa (C. Agardh).

The present study was carried out to investigate its antimicrobial potentiality of the algae such as Caulerpa taxifolia, Caulerpa racemosa (C. Agardh) were studied against both Gram-positive, Gram- negative and fungal pathogens. For microbiological testing of the different crude algal extracts (Hexane, Chloroform, Methanol and water) was determined by the well diffusion method.The zone of inhibition was measured for all the Crude extracts revealed a wide range of antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens. The overall antimicrobial activity assessed from the above results indicates the presence of active constituents in the extractions of Seaweeds which can be exploited for the production of lead molecules which are use of in pharmaceutical industry.

Jeju seaweeds suppress lipopolysaccharide-stimulated proinflammatory response in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages

Objective: To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Jeju seaweeds on macrophage RAW 264.7 cells under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.Methods:Ethyl acetate fractions were prepared from five different types of Jeju seaweeds, Dictyopteris divaricata (D. divaricata), Dictyopteris prolifera (D. prolifera), Prionitis cornea (P. cornea), Grateloupia lanceolata (G. lanceolata), and Grateloupia filicina (G. filicina). They were screened for inhibitory effects on proinflammatory mediators and cytokines such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6).Results:Our results revealed that D. divaricata, D. prolifera, P. cornea, G. lanceolata, and G. filicina potently inhibited LPS-stimulated NO production (IC50 values were 18.0, 38.36, 38.43, 32.81 and 37.14 μg/mL, respectively). Consistent with these findings, D. divaricata, D. prolifera, P. cornea, and G. filicina also reduced the LPS-induced and prostaglandin E2 production in a concentration-dependent manner. Expectedly, they suppressed the expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 at the protein level in a dose-dependent manner in the RAW 264.7 cells, as determined by western blotting. In addition, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6, released into the medium, were also reduced by D. divaricata, D. prolifera, P. cornea, G. lanceolata, andG. filicina in a dose-dependent manner (IC 50 values for TNF-α were 16.11, 28.21, 84.27, 45.52 and 74.75 μg/mL, respectively; IC50 values for IL-6 were 37.35, 80.08, 103.28, 62.53 and 84.28 μg/mL, respectively). The total phlorotannin content was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as phloroglucinol equivalents. The content was 92.0 μg/mg for D. divaricata, 151.8 μg/mg for D. prolifera, 57.2 μg/mg for P. cornea, 53.0 μg/mg for G. lanceolata, and 40.2 μg/mg for G.filicina. Conclusions: Thus, these findings suggest that Jeju seaweed extracts have potential therapeutic applications for inflammatory responses.

Jeju seaweeds suppress lipopolysaccharide-stimulated proinflammatory response in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Jeju seaweeds on macrophage RAW 264.7 cells under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ethyl acetate fractions were prepared from five different types of Jeju seaweeds, Dictyopteris divaricata (D. divaricata), Dictyopteris prolifera (D. prolifera), Prionitis cornea (P. cornea), Grateloupia lanceolata (G. lanceolata), and Grateloupia filicina (G. filicina). They were screened for inhibitory effects on proinflammatory mediators and cytokines such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Our results revealed that D. divaricata, D. prolifera, P. cornea, G. lanceolata, and G. filicina potently inhibited LPS-stimulated NO production (IC50 values were 18.0, 38.36, 38.43, 32.81 and 37.14 µg/mL, respectively). Consistent with these findings, D. divaricata, D. prolifera, P. cornea, and G. filicina also reduced the LPS-induced and prostaglandin E2 production in a concentration-dependent manner. Expectedly, they suppressed the expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 at the protein level in a dose-dependent manner in the RAW 264.7 cells, as determined by western blotting. In addition, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6, released into the medium, were also reduced by D. divaricata, D. prolifera, P. cornea, G. lanceolata, and G. filicina in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 values for TNF-α were 16.11, 28.21, 84.27, 45.52 and 74.75 µg/mL, respectively; IC50 values for IL-6 were 37.35, 80.08, 103.28, 62.53 and 84.28 µg/mL, respectively). The total phlorotannin content was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as phloroglucinol equivalents. The content was 92.0 µg/mg for D. divaricata, 151.8 µg/mg for D. prolifera, 57.2 µg/mg for P. cornea, 53.0 µg/mg for G. lanceolata, and 40.2 µg/mg for G. filicina.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Thus, these findings suggest that Jeju seaweed extracts have potential therapeutic applications for inflammatory responses.</p>

Anti-proliferative and angio-suppressive effect of Stoechospermum marginatum (C. Agardh) Kutzing extract using various experimental models

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Abundant consumption of seaweeds in the diet is epidemiologically linked to the reduction in risk of developing cancer. In larger cases, however, identification of particular seaweeds that are accountable for these effects is still lacking, hindering the recognition of competent dietary-based chemo preventive approaches. The aim of this research was to establish the antiproliferative potency and angiosuppressive mode of action of Stoechospermum marginatum seaweed methanolic extract using various experimental models. MATERIALS/METHODS: Among the 15 seaweeds screened for antiproliferative activity against Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cell line, Stoechospermum marginatum extract (SME) was found to be the most promising. Therefore, it was further investigated for its anti-proliferative activity in-vitro against choriocarcinoma (BeWo) and non-transformed Human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells, and for its anti-migratory/tube formation activity against HUVEC cells in-vitro. Subsequently, the angiosuppressive activity of S. marginatum was established by inhibition of angiogenesis in in-vivo (peritoneal angiogenesis and chorioallantoic membrane assay) and ex-vivo (rat cornea assay) models. RESULTS: Most brown seaweed extracts inhibited the proliferation of EAT cells, while green and red seaweed extracts were much less effective. According to the results, SME selectively inhibited proliferation of BeWo cells in-vitro in a dose-dependent manner, but had a lesser effect on HEK 293 cells. SME also suppressed the migration and tube formation of HUVEC cells in-vitro. In addition, SME was able to suppress VEGF-induced angiogenesis in the chorio allantoic membrane, rat cornea, and tumor induced angiogenesis in the peritoneum of EAT bearing mice. A decrease in the microvessel density count and CD31 antigen staining of treated mice peritoneum provided further evidence of its angiosuppressive activity. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, the data underline that VEGF mediated angiogenesis is the target for the angiosuppressive action of SME and could potentially be useful in cancer prevention or treatment involving stimulated angiogenesis.